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Finding out which man page has the information am looking for #apropos fonts Basic Commands #init 0 Shutdown the system #init 6 reboot the system #hwclock --set --date="9/22/96 16:45:05" changing the system date and time. #hostname -i Display the systems IP address #hostname reports the hostname of the machine #cat document /dev/lp0 the content of document is printed #ls -a list hidden files #ls- ld /varlist the dir /var with it's attributes #who >> A the output of the who command is appended to file A #less /var/log/messages #tail -f /var/log/messages -output appended data as the file grows #cp -rf [sourcedirectory] [destinationdir] #rm -rf directoryname deletes the directory recursiveky and interactively #cd .. goes back to the immediate parent directory #cd ~takes you back to your home directory #cd ~[useranme] this can take your to the home dir of the user #mv [oldfilelname] [newfilename] #df -hs to vew the disk usage in megabytes #df /dev/hda1 #env shows the current sets of environment variable # apropos xine xine (1) - a free video player # which unzip show full path name of command /usr/bin/unzip nice and renice commands nice - run a command at non-default priority #nice command run a low priority command #renice #renice -n 19 12345 # 12345 represents the PID of your process This command will set the nice value of the process with the process ID of process_id to 19: #renice 19 -p process_id 19 is the level you should use for a long running process. ps command Generate a full listing of all processes currently running on your machine: #ps -ef #ps -ef | more #ps -ef | grep username #ps -ef | grep username | more Examining process #ps -efl #ps -efl |more #ps -efl |grep username #ps -efl |grep username|more Displays information about memory, cpu and disk # vmstat 2 5 (where 2 is delay and 5 is count) Displays statistics about cpu utilization # mpstat 1 4 Displays statistics about the disk system # iostat -dk 1 4 -d - Gives the device utilization report. -k - Display statistics in kilobytes per second. Displays overall system performance. [root@ibm html]# sar GPG encrypt a file #gpg -c file encrypt file #gpg file.gpg decrypt file Using find command Commands #find / -name *.pl -print finds the file with .pl from the filesystem root #locate /root #slocate httpd.conf the /var/lib/slocate/slocate.db should be updated for this to work. #uname -r gives out the current kernel version #lsmod list currently loaded modules #modeprobe ide-scsi will load the module for SCSI emulation #lspci list the currently detected pci cards #dd if=/dev/cdrom of=/root/cdrom.dd will copy the content to a file. Burning Cd using cdrecord command #cdrecord -scanbus shows the emulated cd writer #cdrecord -v speed=8 dev=0,0,0 /root/cdrom.dd duplicates the file #gzip < /dev/cdrom > cdrom.iso.gz save copy of data cdrom #mkisofs -r dir | gzip > cdrom.iso.gz create cdrom image from contents of dir #mount -o loop cdrom.iso /mnt/dir mount the cdrom image at /mnt/dir (read only)
(use dev=ATAPI -scanbus to confirm dev) #cdparanoia -B rip audio tracks from CD to wav files in current dir #cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cdrom -audio *.wav make audio CD from all wavs in current dir (see also cdrdao) Creating iso files #mkisofs -J -R /document.iso /document this makes the iso image of the directory document to document.iso, we can use the cdrecord command to burn it. How to create directory with parenting #mkdir -p /1/2/3/4/ To create aliase for a commnad #alias mkdir=mk -to set alias for mkdir command Piping Commands in Linux # cat /etc/passwd |sort |less Here the sort command sorts the passwd file automatically. #gunzip < /usr/share/man/man1/grep.1.gz |nroff -c -man |less grep.1.gz is redirected to the gunzip command to be unzipped Sequential Commands #date; troff -me document |lpr; date troff - the troff processor of the groff text formatting system. Grep Commands Grep - Global Regular Expression Parser #grep ftp /etc/services
#grep ^ftp /etc/services -{to get the strings begining with ftp}
#grep effect$ /etc/services - {to get the strings ending with effect}
#grep -v ^# /etc/services { dispaly excluding the lines starting with # }
#grep -i {case insensitive}
#grep -i Ftp /etc/services
#grep -l "192.168" * { only displays the file that contains the character }
#grep -l 192\.168 *
#grep -l '192.168' *
Using the Cut #cut -d : -f 7 /etc/passwd | head -2 #cut -d : -f 7 /etc/passwd | uniq #cut -d : -f 7 /etc/passwd |sort| uniq #cut -d : -f 7 /etc/passwd The commands will allow to print out the seventh field in the passwd file. Using the Sed Command Sed - Sed is a Stream Editor #sed -i s/nologin/login/g /etc/passwd This command replaces the word nologin in the file /etc/passwd globally with login. #sed -ibackup s/nolgin/login/g /etc/passwd This command takes the backup copy of the file /etc/passwd before editing. Using the tmpwatch Command tmpwatch -uav 1 /tmp
tmpwatch - removes files which haven�t been accessed for a period of time.
Tmpwatch recursively removes files which haven�t been accessed for a given number of hours. Normally, it�s used to clean up directories which are used for temporary holding space such as /tmp. -v, --verbose
-u, --atime
Make the decision about deleting a file based on the file�s
atime (access time). This is the default.
-a, --all
Remove all file types, not just regular files and directories.
Setting the system clock To set the system clock under Linux, use the date command. As an example, to set the current time and date to July 31, 11:16pm, type ``date 07312316'' (note that the time is given in 24 hour notation). netstat netstat -a
Active Internet connections (servers and established)
netstat -an [-n flag to turn off DNS lookups]
Netstat can help diagnose NIC problems. Use the -i flag netstat -i Run any command in the background command& (example - knotes&) Run any command in the background (the symbol "&" means "run the preceding command in the background"). Compress a file with bzip2/tar bzip2 -z -9 filename Decompressing the file is simple using the command bunzip2 -d <filename>. For example: bunzip2 -d toobig.bz2
-d --decompress
Force decompression. bzip2, bunzip2 and bzcat are really the
same program, and the decision about what actions to take is
done on the basis of which name is used. This flag overrides
that mechanism, and forces bzip2 to decompress.
-z --compress
The complement to -d: forces compression, regardless of the
invocation name.
Using ipcalc command [root@ibm ~]# ipcalc -m 192.168.0.11 NETMASK=255.255.255.0 [root@ibm ~]# ipcalc -b 192.168.0.11/24 BROADCAST=192.168.0.255 [root@ibm ~]# ipcalc -n 192.168.0.11/24 NETWORK=192.168.0.0 [root@ibm ~]# ipcalc -n 192.168.0.11/24
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